The adversarial system emerged in medieval England during the 12th century and remains foundational to modern common law

The adversarial legal system developed from Norman traditions after the conquest of England in 1066. This system replaced earlier methods of dispute resolution, establishing a formal process where opposing parties present their arguments before an impartial judge. Today, it forms the basis of legal proceedings in most common law jurisdictions, including Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia.

• Replaced trial by ordeal and combat in the 12th-13th centuries
• Introduced professional advocates and structured court procedures
• Established principles of evidence presentation and cross-examination
• Evolved to include jury trials and judicial independence